Legal Current Affairs for 16 November 2025

It establishes a comprehensive framework for protecting digital personal data, setting out the obligations of entities handling such data (Data Fiduciaries) and the rights and duties of individuals (Data Principals).
Processing of digital personal data within India where such data is collected: In digital form or in non-digital form and digitized subsequently.
Processing of personal data outside India if it is for offering goods or services in India.
Obligations of Data Fiduciaries:
User Consent: Personal data may be processed after obtaining the consent of the individual.
Processing of personal data of children/person with disability: Verifiable consent of parent or the lawful guardian is mandatory.
Enforcement: Data Protection Board (DPB) has civil court powers for personal data breach complaints.

Birsa Munda mobilized tribes belonging to Chhotanagpur, Bengal and Odisha against the Dikus (outsiders) and Europeans from 1895 onwards to establish an independent Munda Raj.
Major Reasons for the revolt
Introduction of Zamindari system: Traditional systems like the Mundari Khuntkatti (community land ownership) were replaced.
Change in policies led to Beth begari (forced labour) and bonded labour
Exploitation by the Dikus(Outsiders e.g. moneylenders, traders, missionaries etc.)
Missionaries criticising their traditional culture

Greenland’s Parliament has adopted a legislation that limits foreigners’ right to property on the Island.
It is part of the Kingdom of Denmark but has wide-ranging autonomy.
It is not a member of the European Union.
Surrounding Countries: It is separated from Canada’s Ellesmere Island to the north by only 16 miles.
The nearest European country is Iceland.
Geographical Features:
It is the world’s biggest island lying in the North Atlantic Ocean.
It has world’s 2nd largest ice sheet after that of Antarctica.
It lies in the polar zone, where winter temperatures reach as low as -50°C and summer temperatures rarely exceed 10–15°C.
Greenlanders experience 24 hours of sunlight in the summer.

It is world’s largest desert lake and largest alkaline lake.
Location: It lies mainly in Kenya, with the northern tip extending into Ethiopia.
Over 90% of inflow comes from the Omo River (located in Ethiopia).
The Lake Turkana National Parks site was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1997.

Established: 1981.
Members: 6 Gulf states (UAE, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar, and Kuwait)
Objectives: To have coordination, integration and inter-connection between Member States in all fields.

The Strait of Hormuz is a narrow waterway between Iran and Musandam Peninsula (Oman).
Musandam Peninsula is a northeastern extension of the Arabian Peninsula.
It connects the Persian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman.
Strategic Importance: About 25% of the world’s oil passes through the Strait of Hormuz.

Article 21A: Free and compulsory education for children 6–14 years.
Article 24: Prohibits child labour in hazardous industries.
Article 39(f): Ensures children’s healthy development and protection from exploitation.
Article 45: Directs the state to provide for early childhood care and education for children below the age of six.
These principles laid the foundation for key laws such as the Right to Education Act, 2009, the Protection of Children from Sexual Offenses (POCSO) Act, 2012, and the Juvenile Justice Act, 2015, which together strengthen India’s commitment to safeguarding children’s rights.

Location: Nigeria is located on the western coast of Africa and is often called the Giant of Africa because of its size, population, and economic influence on the continent.
It shares borders with Niger to the north, Chad and Cameroon to the east, the Gulf of Guinea to the south, and Benin to the west.
Population and Economy: Nigeria has the world’s 6th largest population and Africa’s largest, and it ranks as the 4th largest economy in Africa.
Rivers and Drainage: Nigeria’s main drainage basins are the Niger–Benue, Lake Chad, and the Gulf of Guinea. The Niger River and its major tributary, the Benue River, are the country’s most important rivers.
Global Engagement: Nigeria recently became the 9th BRICS partner country (without membership or decision-making power), joining Belarus, Bolivia, Cuba, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Thailand, Uganda, and Uzbekistan.