Legal Current Affairs for 21 December 2025

Oman, with Muscat as its capital, is a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and the oldest independent state in the Arab world.
It is bordered by Yemen to the southwest, the UAE to the northwest, and Saudi Arabia to the west, with maritime boundaries along the Arabian Sea to the south and east and the Gulf of Oman to the north.
Geographically, Oman features the Rub al-Khali (Empty Quarter) desert, the Hajar and Dhofar mountain ranges, and is rich in natural resources such as petroleum, natural gas, copper, limestone, and asbestos.

About: The Kakori Train Action (9th August 1925) was a landmark revolutionary act carried out by members of the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) to fund the freedom struggle and challenge British colonial authority, marking a shift towards armed resistance in India’s national movement.
Historical Context: Took place after the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919) and the withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement (1922), which disillusioned many young nationalists.
This disillusionment led to the formation of the HRA in 1924 to pursue revolutionary methods.
Event and Execution: Revolutionaries, led by Ram Prasad Bismil and including Ashfaqullah Khan, Chandrashekhar Azad, and Rajendra Lahiri, halted the 8-down train travelling from Shahjahanpur to Lucknow near Kakori station, looted the official treasury, and deliberately avoided harming passengers.
Other members involved were Sachindranath Bakshi, Mukundi Lal, Banwari Lal, and Manmathnath Gupta.
British Crackdown & Trial: A massive crackdown led to the Kakori Conspiracy Case 1925. After an 18-month trial, four revolutionaries—Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqullah Khan, and Thakur Roshan Singh—were hanged on 19th December 1927, while others received life imprisonment.

Portuguese Rule (1510–1961): Goa became a Portuguese colony in 1510 after Afonso de Albuquerque defeated Yusuf Adil Shah of Bijapur, leading to 451 years of colonial rule.
Early Nationalism: Anti-colonial sentiment in Goa rose in sync with India’s independence movement, with key milestones like the founding of the Goa National Congress (1928) by Tristão de Bragança Cunha at the Calcutta session of the Indian National Congress (1928).
Strategic Dichotomy: The liberation movement was divided between Satyagraha (non-violent resistance) and the advocacy for armed struggle by groups like the Azad Gomantak Dal (AGD), which delayed unified action.
In 1946, socialist leader Ram Manohar Lohia led a historic Goa rally advocating for civil liberties, freedom, and integration with India.

About: The Karakoram Range lies at the centre of Asia, forming part of a complex mountain system that includes the Hindu Kush to the west, the Pamirs to the northwest, the Kunlun Mountains to the northeast, and the Himalayas to the southeast.
Geographic Spread: The range extends across Afghanistan, China, India, Pakistan, and Tajikistan.
Highest Peak: The highest peak is K2 (8,611 meters, also known as Mount Godwin-Austen), which is the 2nd-highest mountain on Earth after Mount Everest (8,849 meters).

Commission Model: Zero-commission model initially, with 100% ride payments going directly to drivers.
A proposed ~20% cooperative fee, later to be redistributed to drivers as incentives, unlike profit extraction by private platforms.
Collaboration: Bharat Taxi is a collaborative initiative of National e-Governance Division (NeGD), Digital India Corporation, Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY), and Sahakar Taxi Cooperative Limited to build a national taxi platform integrated with DigiLocker, UMANG, and API Setu
Pricing Policy: No surge pricing in normal conditions; dynamic pricing only in specific situations.
Safety Features: The platform includes driver verification, integration with Delhi Police, along with real-time ride tracking, and 24×7 customer care.