Legal Current Affairs for 13 November 2025

Flow Batteries: Flow batteries are powered by reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions and involve two different liquid electrolytes that pass ions or protons back and forth through a porous membrane.
These batteries can store larger amounts of energy—as much as the size of the electrolyte cells can contain—and don’t use flammable or polluting materials.
Types of Flow Batteries: Vanadium Redox, Zinc–Bromine, Iron–Salt/Organic systems.
Solid-State Batteries: These use solid electrolyte solutions, which don’t need a different separator.
It makes them safer because they are less prone to leakage from damage or swelling in hot temperatures.

Vision: To build an integrated disease control and pandemic preparedness system in India by bringing human, animal and environmental sectors together for better health outcomes, improved productivity and conservation of biodiversity.
Implementing Agency: Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR).
Anchor Institution: National Institute of One Health, Nagpur.
Research and Development: Driving targeted R&D to develop essential tools such as vaccines, diagnostics, and therapeutics.
Clinical Readiness: Enhancing preparedness in terms of clinical care infrastructure and response capabilities.
Data Integration: Streamlining data and information linkages across the human, animal, and environmental sectors for improved access and analytics.
Community Engagement: Ensuring close community participation to maintain a constant state of response readiness.

Ethiopia has been selected to host the UNFCCC COP32 in Addis Ababa (2027).
Location: Landlocked country in the Horn of Africa; lost access to the sea after Eritrea’s secession in 1993.
Lies entirely within tropical latitudes.
Neighbouring countries: Eritrea (North), Djibouti (Northeast), Somalia (East), Kenya (South), South Sudan and Sudan (West).
Rivers: Blue Nile, Tekeze, Baro, Shebele, Genale, Awash, Omo River, etc.
Physiography: Rift Valley, part of East African Rift System;
Kobar Sink in Denakil plain drops as low as 380 feet (116 metres) below sea level.
Highest point: Mount Ras Dejen.

Genesis: Introduced in 2006 as an annual global climate impact index.
Between 1995 and 2024, 9,700 extreme weather events caused over 8 lakh deaths and $ 4.5 trillion in damages.
India ranked 15th in CRI Rank 2024 and 9th in CRI Rank 1995-2024.
India faced nearly 430 extreme weather events in three decades, causing $ 170 billion losses and 1.3 billion affected.

It is located in western South America, bordered by Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Bolivia to the southeast, and Chile to the south, with the Pacific Ocean along its western coast.
Peruvian plant and animal life can be classified according to the three main physiographic regions: the Costa, the Sierra, and Amazonia.
The world’s largest rain forest, the Amazon, covers nearly half of Peru.
The Andes Mountains, the second-highest mountain range in the world, run through Peru.
Its highest peak is Mount Huascarán, and Lake Titicaca (shared with Bolivia) is the world’s highest navigable lake.

The PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan (NMP) is the digital command centre for infrastructure planning in India.
Built on a GIS-based platform, it hosts over 550 layers of live data, including economic clusters, logistics hubs, forests, rivers, and social infrastructure.
As of 2025, the entire 1.46 lakh km National Highway network has been mapped onto the NMP portal.
This enables geo-intelligent planning, reducing project delays, environmental conflicts, and cost overruns.

The Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has notified the Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues (Amendment) Rules, 2025 under the Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act (THOTA), 1994 to simplify corneal transplantation protocols and promote equitable access to organ and tissue transplantation services across India.
Eases Equipment Requirements: The mandatory requirement for clinical specular microscopes in corneal transplantation centres has been removed.
These microscopes, used to assess corneal cell health, were often expensive and difficult to procure for smaller centres.
The amendment will ease infrastructure and operational hurdles for smaller eye centres, improving access to corneal transplant services nationwide.

The 2026 event is jointly hosted by Belgium and the Netherlands.
Matches will be played in Wavre’s Belfius Hockey Arena and Amsterdam’s Wagener Stadium.
Sixteen teams per gender will compete under a newly introduced dual-group format.
The men’s final will be held in Wavre and the women’s final in Amsterdam.