Legal Current Affairs for 23 January 2026

It is the field of physics and engineering that applies the principles of quantum mechanics such as, superposition and entanglement.
Quantum mechanics explains how extremely small objects simultaneously have the characteristics of both particles and waves.
Key Principles:
Superposition: Unlike classical bits (which are either 0 or 1), quantum bits (qubits) can exist in a state of 0, 1, or both simultaneously.
Entanglement: A phenomenon where two particles become linked; a change in the state of one instantly affects the other, regardless of distance.

Established by UN Charter as one of UN’s 6 main organs.
Function: Holds primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security.
Structure: 15 members (each with one vote)
5 Permanent Members: USA, UK, France, China, Russia (hold veto power)
10 Non-permanent Members: Elected by General Assembly for a 2-year term (not eligible for immediate re-election)

Government celebrates Parakram Diwas (23 January) to commemorate 129th Birth Anniversary of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose.
Indian nationalist leader; advocated for complete independence from British rule.
Key Contributions
President of the Indian National Congress in 1938 and 1939 but resigned due to differences.
He wrote for Chittaranjan Das’s newspaper, Forward, and started a paper titled Swaraj to promote independence.
He escaped British house arrest in 1941; sought international support from Germany and Japan during World War II.
Led the Indian National Army (INA or Azad Hind Fauj) from 1943.
Under his leadership, the INA fought alongside Japanese forces against the British in the northeast of India and Burma.
He established the Provisional Government of Free India in Imphal, Manipur to mobilize Indians for an anti-British revolt.

A proposed international organisation and transitional governing body aimed at managing post-conflict transitions, particularly in Gaza.
Objective: To oversee and coordinate post-conflict governance, security, and reconstruction by mobilising international resources and ensuring accountability.
Membership: Chaired by US President with an executive board of select global leaders; invitation-based members, including fixed-term and paid permanent members.

Integrated digital ecosystem of ECI, enabling end-to-end management of electoral processes through a single unified platform.
World’s largest electoral service platform.
Key services offered: Voter registration, electoral roll search, Track Your Application, Know Your Candidate, Connect with Election Officials, e-EPIC download, grievance redressal, etc
Significance: Enhances transparency, efficiency and real-time election monitoring.

Origin: In 1949, through the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty).
Headquarters: Brussels, Belgium
Nature:
It is a political and military alliance of 32 countries from Europe and North America (Sweden is the latest member).
It operates on the principle of collective defense (Article 5), meaning an attack on one member is considered an attack on all.

Ministry: Ministry of Rural Development
Launched in: December 2000
Type: Centrally Sponsored Scheme
Objective: Provide all-weather road connectivity to eligible unconnected rural habitations as a poverty alleviation strategy, including construction/modernisation of bridges along road alignments.
Phases:
Phase I (2000): Universal rural access and village–market–service linkages.
Phase II (2013): Upgradation and consolidation of rural road network.
Phase III (2019): Upgrading 1,25,000 km of roads to improve connectivity to socio-economic institutions. E.g. schools
PMGSY-IV (2024–29): 25,000 unconnected habitations to be connected via 62,500 km of roads.

A hybrid constellation of 5,408 satellites spanning both low Earth orbit (LEO) and medium Earth orbit (MEO).
It provides symmetrical bandwidth through radio frequency and optical connectivity.
Optical Connectivity transmits data using light pulses through fiber optic cables or free space, rather than electrical signals.
It relies on the modulation of light waves to achieve high-speed, high-bandwidth, and low-latency information transfer.

First introduced in 1971, establishing a policy of unilateral trade preferences for-
Poverty reduction: By expanding exports from vulnerable countries
Promoting Sustainable development and good governance
Consists of 3 tiers:
General GSP: Duty reductions on 66% of tariff lines for eligible developing countries.
GSP+: Zero duties on 66% of tariff lines for countries that implement core human rights, labor, and sustainability conventions.
Everything but Arms (EBA): Full duty-free access for Least Developed Countries (LDCs) on all imports except weapons.