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Current Affairs 30 December 2025

India’s National Anti-terrorism Framework

  • National Agencies: NIA, National Security Guard, IB, etc.
  • National database: National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID), under Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) for Real-time intelligence and data access for intelligence coordination; National Integrated Database on Arrested Narco Offenders (NIDAAN).
  • Preventing Terror Financing: Terror Funding and Fake Currency Cell (TFFC) under NIA; Combating Financing of Terrorism (CFT) Cell under Ministry of Home Affairs, etc. 

Political Funding Mechanisms in India

  • Legal Provisions: Fundings are majorly regulated Representation of the People Act, 1951, Income Tax Act, 1961, and Companies Act, 2013.
  • Individual Donations: Political parties can accept voluntary contributions, except from government companies but have to report donations above ₹20,000 to ECI.
  • Donations above Rs.2,000 must be made through traceable methods like cheques. 
  • Electoral Trusts – They serve as intermediaries for political donations.  

PRAGATI (2015)

  • It is a three-tier system (Prime Minister’s Office (PMO), Union Government Secretaries, and Chief Secretaries of the States)
  • Objectives:
  • Expedite Project Implementation: With the aid of technology to ensure real-time monitoring. E.g. It leverages video conferencing, real-time data, drone feeds, etc.
  • Collaborative Approach: Removing administrative silos through the involvement of various government agencies.
  • E-transparency and e-accountability: With effective grievance redressal.

Narasapuram Lace craft 

  • Found in and around Narasapur/Narsapur (West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh)
  • Origin:  Taught by Christian missionaries to the local women in 19th Century. 
  • Also known as crochet craft, it employs fine cotton threads and crochet needles to produce products like as bedspreads, mobile cover etc.
  • Patterns: Intricate floral, geometric, and paisley patterns inspired by nature and traditional motifs.
  • It has received the GI Tag and ‘One District One Product’ award. 
  • ~60% of the artisans involved in it are women.

 INS Vaghsheer 

  • It is last of the six Project 75 Scorpene (P75) submarines (Kalvari class)
  • Kalvari class submarines are Conventional submarines equipped with diesel-electric propulsion systems.
  • Other five submarines of this class are Kalvari, Khanderi, Karanj, Vela, and Vagir.
  • It has been constructed by the Mazagaon Dock Shipbuilders Limited, Mumbai in collaboration with Naval Group, France.
  • It is named after the sand fish, a deep sea predator of the Indian Ocean.

UN Convention against Corruption

  • It is the only legally binding universal anti-corruption instrument.
  • Adopted in 2003 by the UN General Assembly, New York and enforced in 2005
  • Objective: To prevent and combat corruption, promote integrity and accountability, facilitate international cooperation, and recover assets obtained through corruption
  • Signatories and Parties: 140 Signatories and 192 Parties (as of September 2025)
  • India is a Party to the Convention

How has Environmental Jurisprudence Evolved in India?

  • Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978): The SC gave its opinion that a clean environment shall be included in the meaning of life under Article 21.
  • Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra v. State of UP (1985): The SC recognized, for the first time, the right to live in a healthy environment as part of Article 21 of the Constitution. 
  • M.C. Mehta v. Union of India (1986): The SC held that the right to live in a pollution-free environment is part of the fundamental right to life under Article 21 of the Constitution.
  • Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar (1991): The SC combined Articles 48A and 51A(g) with Article 21, ruling that the state must protect and improve the environment so that every citizen can enjoy pollution-free air and water, essential for a meaningful life.
  • Article 48A: Obligation of the State to protect and improve the environment and safeguard forests and wildlife.
  • Article 51A(g): Obligation of Citizens to protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures.
  • M.C. Mehta versus Kamal Nath (1996): The SC defined the public trust doctrine as a social contract where the state acts as a trustee of natural resources owned by the people, and must manage them only for public benefit, not for private gain.
  • M.K. Ranjitsinh v. Union of India (2024): Recognised right against adverse effects of climate change under Article 21 (Right to Life) and Article 14 (Right to Equality).
  • Vellore Citizens’ Welfare Forum versus Union of India (1996): The SC explained the precautionary principle and the polluter pays principle. 
  • The precautionary principle requires the state to take preventive action against serious environmental threats, promoting sustainable development over a choice between development and ecology. 
  • The polluter pays principle makes polluters financially responsible for managing their pollution, such as a factory safely disposing of toxic by-products.

Chenab

  • About: Chenab is a transboundary river in the Indus system, spanning India and Pakistan. 
  • It originates in the upper Himalayas of Himachal Pradesh (Baralacha Pass in Lahaul) as the Chandrabhaga, formed by the confluence of the Chandra and Bhaga rivers. 
  • Key Tributaries: Major tributaries are the Marusudar (largest), Miyar Nalla, Bhut Nalla, Kalnai, Ans, Tawi, and Neeru rivers.
  • Course & Flow: The river flows northwest through Jammu & Kashmir’s districts of Kishtwar, Doda, Ramban, and Reasi, carving deep gorges, before entering Pakistan’s Punjab plains, where it joins the Sutlej to form the Panjnad, which then merges with the Indus.